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1994-05-02
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<text>
<title>
Water Crisis, River Diversion Tied to FSU Sovereignty
</title>
<article>
<hdr>
Joint Publications Research Service, February 12, 1991
Environmental Affairs: Central Asian Water Crisis, River
Diversion Tied to Republic Sovereignty Issues
</hdr>
<body>
<p>By Iskander Khisamov, "Water as a Cause of Fire" [Moscow,
Literaturnaya Gazeta in Russian, No. 2, 16 Jan 91, p. 8].
</p>
<p> Is it possible to return to a discussion of the question of
river diversion?
</p>
<p> It is as though two hydraulic dredgers are mirroring each
other, working on both sides of a bend in the river. And they
are doing the very same thing: They are deepening the bottom and
sucking the water onto their own shore, as if spurning the
opposite shore. This absurd picture could serve as a symbol of
the developing struggle for water in Central Asia. You see, one
dredger is in Uzbekistan, and the other is in Turkmenia.
</p>
<p> Komsomol [All-Union Leninist Communist Youth League]
detachments from Khorezm conduct bold night raids on the
"foreign" sides of rivers and canals, and on the sly they cut
the drive belts of the dredgers set up there. However, their
own peasants are also not blameless, and young Tashauz men
watch them vigilantly. Disputes and fights among irrigation
workers are becoming more frequent at rayon junctions. They are
dividing the water.
</p>
<p> Justifying its ancient name of Dzheykhun (Wild), the Amu
Darya frequently cuts across republic borders. During the
sanctioned friendship of peoples, this did not alarm anyone.
Thus, the Karshu main canal, which serves southern Uzbekistan,
began on the territory of Turkmenia. And the Karakum canal has
its source in Uzbekistan and exits into Turkmenia. And now
appeals can be heard frequently at meetings of informals,
writers' plenums, and scientist symposiums of both republics to
close the "foreign" canal that is robbing "our" river.
</p>
<p> Also not standing aside are colleagues from Kirghizia and
Tajikistan, where the two great Central Asian rivers, Amu Darya
and Syr Darya, have their sources. They are demanding payment
from "lower neighbors" for water that flows there, which is
causing outbursts of righteous indignation and promises of
retaliation.
</p>
<p> Tens of millions were expended on the creation of an
integrated water distribution system in the basin. But it is
not working, because the republics do not plan to set up
hydraulic headwork projects in it.
</p>
<p> The whole world grieves for the Aral. The government,
scientists, and specialists are engaged in a search for the
Aral, and the public is sounding the alarm. And, nonetheless, I
will risk the assertion that the efforts that are directed at
saving the sea will not lead to anything. By all accounts, the
heavily populated region will reach a severe water crisis in no
longer than five years. One does not even want to imagine to
what political consequences this could lead, aside from all the
rest.
</p>
<p> The many years of newspaper and journal discussions on these
questions developed a whole series of stereotypes. The first:
The water in Central Asia is being used wastefully, by
economizing many happy years can be lived. Second, the odious
Minvodkhoz [Ministry of Land Reclamation and Water
Administration], which has now been converted to a concern, is
to blame for everything. It is to its advantage to carry out
gigantic projects for developing new lands and diverting
rivers. And the third: The Aral was destroyed by the socialist
system of economic management and the rapacious use of natural
resources.
</p>
<p> It seems, Dostoevsky said, that if 70 percent of a book is
true, then it is entirely a lie. That is the situation here.
During the years after the revolution, the population of the
region grew from 7 million to almost 40 million. And already
now there are quite a few huge economic units with 25-40,000
persons is oases that have only 4-6,000 hectares of land
requiring irrigation. In a word, unemployment in Central Asia
is a direct result of a shortage of arable land, and it is the
result of a lack of water.
</p>
<p> As for drainage canals for saving moisture, there are not
very many of them. Crop farming in Central Asia is probably the
highest in the country. These figures were cited at a recent
conference on the problems of the Aral in Bloomington, United
States [at Indiana University]. In Uzbekistan, an average of
12-14,000 cubic meters of water is used on one hectare. In
California, which is similar but less arid, 9-12,000 is used on
the very same crops. To reduce water irrigation by 5-10
percent, it is necessary to spend enormous amounts of money.
</p>
<p> The number of projects to save the Aral and the region is
increasing. Some people propose engaging in large-scale pumping
of water from under the ground. Others--to draw in all
reservoirs. Incidentally, this means a full degradation of the
rural economy of the kray and the collapse of hydropower. Crop
irrigation, which now yields more than 90 percent of
agricultural products, will remain only in river floodplains.
</p>
<p> There are versions of the immediate substitution of cotton
and rice by fodder and fruit. However, in our arid region,
fodder requires no less irrigation. But their profit is much
lower, which would lead to a new impoverishment of the
peasants, more than half of whom are already living on the edge
of poverty.
</p>
<p> In any case, a large-scale reorganization of the rural
economy, a change in the system of crops, and the reorientation
of industry and science associated with this will take many
years. But the water is coming to an end.
</p>
<p> Here is an assessment by F.P. Miklin, who is far removed
from our national and territorial passions and contractions:
</p>
<p> "The Soviet Union has run into a hopeless crisis of water
resources in Central Asia. It is very doubtful, even with the
most careful water-saving measures, that regional water
resources will be adequate to satisfy future economic and
social requirements and also preserve the Aral Sea. This, the
Soviet Government, possibly, will be forced to return to the
project of diverting part of the flow of the Siberian rivers in
the 1990's not only for water management reasons, but also for
political and social reasons."
</p>
<p> The situation in the country is changing rapidly. Both
Russia and the Central Asian republics have legislatively
reinforced their sovereignty with respect to natural resources.
Market relations are approaching. And while previously the
problem was who will be able to persuade the center to adopt one
or another decision, now decisions will have to be made
independently.
</p>
<p> There is probably no need to relate in detail the history of
the rise and fall of the project to divert part of the flow of
the Ob and the Irtysh into the Aral basin. One can understand
the angry reaction of the people of Russia--the potential
water donor for Central Asia--behind whose back important
decisions were made. Especially since this project was
associated in the mass conscience with European, really
farfetched diversions.
</p>
<p> "But now, when the Russians can be assured that no one will
make arrangements for them, can this subject finally be
discussed in a businesslike way?" asks Rim Giniyatulin,
Uzbekistan Minister of Water Administration: And he cites
reasons: A water catastrophe in Central Asia will have
disastrous consequences for the economy of the whole country. Up
to 90 percent of the cotton is exported to the other republics,
including half of the RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federated Socialist
Republic). A sharp drop in deliveries will paralyze the textile
and light industries.
</p>
<p> Second, the Central Asian region is a huge and very simple
market for commodities from other republics. If as a result of a
crisis this market gets smaller or is closed entirely, millions
of workers throughout the Union will become unemployed.
</p>
<p> Hundreds of thousands of tons of fruit, vegetables, grapes